★ IELTS Task 1 · Writing Handbook ★

The Process
Mastery Book

Sách hướng dẫn 6 bước · 5 pattern Process · 11 nhóm paraphrase bank · passive voice + stage transitions

📖 6 chapters ⚙️ 5 patterns 💬 11 paraphrase groups 🎯 4 CEFR bands
🧭
Chương 1

Quy trình 6 bước

Process diagram khác biệt với chart numeric: không số liệu, không trends, không comparison. Trọng tâm là passive voice + stage transitions + cause/effect.

1
Phase grouping

Nhóm các bước thành 2-3 phases

Đếm tổng số stages (thường 5-10). Group thành 2 hoặc 3 phases cho 2 body paragraphs. Pattern cyclic (PP3, PP4): chia theo "stages of cycle". Pattern branching (PP5): chia theo "before branching" vs "after branching".

Count stages2-3 phasesCyclic / branching detection
2
Phase labeling & intro

Đặt tên phase + viết introduction

Mỗi phase cần label rõ (vd: "Preparation", "Treatment", "Distribution"). Introduction nên nêu topic + số phases + tính chất (linear / cyclic / branching).

Phase labelsIntro paraphrase
3
Outline structure

Outline với stage transitions

Cấu trúc: Intro · Overview · Body 1 (phase 1+2) · Body 2 (phase 3 hoặc cyclic close). Mỗi body cần sequence connectors: first → next → then → finally.

4 đoạnSequence connectors
4
Passive voice drill

Luyện thụ động + nhận lỗi

Process ~80% câu dùng passive (vì không quan trọng "ai làm"). Active → Passive: "workers heat the kiln" → "the kiln is heated". Tense thường là simple present.

Active → PassiveSimple present5 error types
5
Write & paraphrase

Viết bài + dùng bank

Mỗi câu body cần: sequence + passive verb + cause/purpose. Click chip từ Bank Step 5 để chèn cụm vào textarea.

Passive ≥ 80%ConnectorsCause/Effect
6
Self-check

Tự kiểm tra

Đọc lại + tick Chương 5 checklist. Đếm word count (≥150). Kiểm tra tense consistency (tất cả simple present) + passive voice ratio.

≥150 wordsTense checkPassive ratio
⚙️
Chương 2

Pattern Atlas — 5 loại Process

3 subtype chính: linear (PP1, PP2) · cyclic (PP3, PP4) · branching (PP5). Mỗi loại có cấu trúc body + vocab đặc thù.

PP1

Linear · Manufacturing

Cement production — input → output
B1
⛏️
→
⚙️
→
🔥
→
🌀
→
📦
Crush Mix Heat (kiln) Grind Bag

Ví dụ process

Sản xuất xi măng từ nguyên liệu thô → sản phẩm cuối. 5-7 stages tuyến tính, không có chu kỳ.
Skill chínhPassive voice + sequence (first, then, next, finally). Vocab: raw materials, kiln, crusher, clinker, grinding.
Body 1 — Preparation phaseCrushing + mixing raw materials
Body 2 — Processing phaseHeating in kiln + grinding + packaging
Hard rule · Passive voice ≥ 80% · Simple present tense · Vocab manufacturing chuyên ngành
PP2

Linear · Natural

Water treatment — raw water → drinkable
B1
💧
→
🪣
→
⚗️
→
🧪
→
🚰
Raw Screen Filter Chlorinate Supply

Ví dụ process

Xử lý nước uống — từ nguồn thô đến hệ thống cấp nước. 4-6 stages, vocab chuyên về nước.
Skill chínhPassive + cause/effect (resulting in clean water). Vocab: debris, particles, bacteria, chlorination, filtration.
Body 1 — Mechanical treatmentScreening + filtration để loại debris
Body 2 — Chemical treatmentChlorination + supply to households
PP3

Life cycle · Biological

Butterfly — egg to adult cycle
B2
🥚
→
🐛
→
🛡️
→
🦋
Egg Caterpillar Chrysalis Adult
↻ Cycle: Adult lays eggs to begin again

Ví dụ process

Vòng đời 4 stages của bướm — khép kín (adult quay lại đẻ trứng). Vocab sinh học đặc thù.
Skill chínhCyclic language: the cycle repeats, begins again, returns to. Vocab: larva, caterpillar, chrysalis, pupa, metamorphosis.
Body 1 — Early stagesEgg + caterpillar growth
Body 2 — Transformation + cycleChrysalis → adult → eggs (cycle)
PP4

Natural cycle

Water cycle — evaporation → precipitation → return
B2
☀️
→
☁️
→
🌧️
→
🏞️
Evap Cloud Rain Runoff
↻ Runoff returns to ocean → evaporation again

Ví dụ process

Chu kỳ tự nhiên của nước. Cyclic khép kín, không có start/end thực sự. Vocab khí tượng.
Skill chínhCyclic + natural phenomenon vocab: evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff, infiltration.
Body 1 — Upward phaseEvaporation + condensation forming clouds
Body 2 — Return phasePrecipitation + runoff back to ocean (cycle continues)
PP5

Branching · Recycling

Plastic recycling — multiple output paths
B2
🗑️
→
📊
→
✂️
Collect Sort Shred
♻️ Melt → Pellets
→ New products
🔥 Incinerate
→ Energy

Ví dụ process

Tái chế nhựa — 1 input chia 2 paths (recycle hoàn toàn vs đốt thu năng lượng).
Skill chínhBranching language: diverges, splits into, follows two paths. Vocab loop: collection, sorting, shredding, melting, pellets, closed-loop.
Body 1 — Common stagesCollection + sorting + shredding (chung 2 paths)
Body 2 — Branching pointPath A (recycle to pellets) vs Path B (incinerate for energy)
Hard rule · Branching: nêu rõ split point · Both paths phải được mô tả đầy đủ · Vocab: diverges, alternative path
💬
Chương 3

Paraphrase Master Bank

11 nhóm cụm từ — chia core (cho mọi process), structural (theo subtype), specialized (vocab chuyên ngành).

📌 Core (chung mọi process)

🔢 1. Sequencing connectors

Kết nối stages — bắt buộc cho mọi process. Mỗi body cần ≥ 3 connectors.

Sequencing All 5

A2first · then · next · after that · finally B1firstly · subsequently · following this · in the next stage · finally B2at the outset · subsequently · thereafter · in the ensuing stage · ultimately C1at the commencement · in the antecedent stage · in the subsequent phase · in the culminating stage

🔄 2. Passive structures

Bắt buộc ~80% câu dùng passive — process focus vào hoạt động, không phải người làm.

Passive voice patterns All 5

A2is heated · is mixed · is moved · is made B1is then heated · is subsequently mixed · is transported · is produced B2is subjected to · is treated with · is processed through · is converted into C1undergoes treatment · is subjected to processing · is rendered into · is transformed by

🚪 3. Phase openers

Mở đầu body paragraph với câu giới thiệu phase.

Phase introduction All 5

A2The first part is… · The next part is… B1The process begins with… · The next stage involves… B2The preliminary phase commences with… · The intermediate stage entails… C1The inaugural phase is characterised by… · The intervening stage encompasses…

🔗 4. Participial linking

Cụm phân từ liên kết câu — gọn hơn câu phụ thuộc.

Participial phrases All 5

A2After heating… · Once mixed… B1Having been heated… · Once mixed… B2Having undergone heating… · Upon being mixed… · Following condensation… C1Having been subjected to heat… · Upon completion of mixing…

🏗️ Structural (theo subtype)

↻ 5. Cyclic language

Cho process khép kín (PP3, PP4) — diễn đạt vòng lặp.

Cycle phrases PP3, PP4

B1the cycle repeats · the process begins again · returns to the start B2the cycle is renewed · the process is perpetuated · the sequence recommences C1the cycle is self-sustaining · the process perpetuates indefinitely · the sequence completes a full revolution

🌳 6. Branching language

Cho process có rẽ nhánh (PP5) — diễn đạt phân tách paths.

Branching phrases PP5

B1the process splits · two paths emerge · one route is… while the other… B2the process diverges · two alternative pathways · one stream proceeds to… whereas the other… C1the process bifurcates · the material follows divergent pathways · one trajectory leads to… while an alternative leads to…

🆕 New Groups (đã inject)

🏷️ 7. Stage descriptors

Tên gọi các stages — initial / intermediate / final.

Stage names All 5

A2the first step · the next step · the last step B1the initial stage · the middle stage · the final stage B2the preliminary stage · the intermediate stage · the concluding stage C1the inaugural stage · the intervening phases · the culminating stage

⚡ 8. Cause / Effect

Diễn đạt quan hệ nguyên nhân-kết quả giữa stages.

Cause & effect All 5

A2this makes · because of this · so B1this causes · as a result · leading to B2resulting in · thereby producing · which in turn causes C1giving rise to · engendering · thus precipitating

🎯 9. Purpose clauses

Mục đích của mỗi stage (in order to, so as to).

Purpose phrases All 5

A2to do X · for X B1in order to [verb] · so as to [verb] · for [purpose] B2with the aim of [verb-ing] · for the purpose of [verb-ing] C1with a view to [verb-ing] · with the intention of [verb-ing]

🔬 Specialized vocabulary

🏭 10. Manufacturing & Recycling vocab

Vocab kỹ thuật cho PP1 (manufacturing) và PP5 (recycling).

Manufacturing PP1

A2raw materials · machine · crushed · mixed · heated B1raw materials · machinery · crushing machine · mixing chamber · heated up · powder B2raw materials are crushed · the mixing chamber · subjected to extreme heat · the rotating kiln · fine powder · by-products C1raw materials undergo crushing · the kiln subjects the mixture to extreme temperatures · yields fine clinker

Recycling loop PP5

A2collect · sort · clean · melt · make new things B1collected · sorted by type · cleaned · shredded · melted down · reused B2collected from households · sorted according to type · shredded into flakes · melted at high temperatures · pelletised · reprocessed C1the waste is amassed at collection points · categorised by polymer type · granulated and rendered into pellets · completing a closed-loop cycle

🌿 11. Natural process vocab

Vocab tự nhiên cho PP2 (water), PP3 (biology), PP4 (water cycle).

Water-specific PP2

debris · particles · sediments · bacteria · contaminants · impurities · screening · filtration · sedimentation · chlorination · disinfection

Biology-specific PP3

larva · caterpillar · chrysalis · pupa · cocoon · metamorphosis · emerge · hatch · transform · adult stage

Water cycle PP4

evaporation · condensation · precipitation · runoff · infiltration · transpiration · atmospheric · vapour · clouds form · returns to earth
⚠️
Chương 4

Common Errors & Upgrades

8 lỗi đặc trưng Process — đa số liên quan đến voice + tense + missing connectors.

Lỗi 1 · Active voice

Dùng câu chủ động khi nên dùng passive

Process focus vào hoạt động, không người làm. ~80% câu phải là passive.

Workers crush the raw materials. The machine heats the kiln.
The raw materials are crushed. The kiln is heated to extreme temperatures.
Lỗi 2 · Wrong tense

Dùng past tense hoặc present continuous cho process timeless

Process diagram = simple present (timeless mô tả). KHÔNG dùng past hoặc continuous trừ khi đề bài rõ.

The water was heated and then it was being cooled.
The water is heated and then cooled.
Lỗi 3 · Missing connectors

Không có sequence connectors giữa stages

Mỗi stage chuyển tiếp cần connector. Mỗi body ≥ 3 connectors.

The materials are crushed. The materials are mixed. The materials are heated.
First, the materials are crushed. Then, they are mixed in a chamber. Subsequently, the mixture is heated in the kiln.
Lỗi 4 · No grouping

Liệt kê tất cả stages trong 1 body

Phải group thành 2-3 phases. Body 1 = phase 1 (+2), Body 2 = phase 2 (or 3) + cycle/branch.

Body 1: Stage 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 all in one paragraph.
Body 1 (Preparation): Crushing + mixing. Body 2 (Processing): Heating + grinding + packaging.
Lỗi 5 · Missing overview

Bỏ overview hoặc overview chỉ là 1 câu ngắn

Overview phải nêu: process bao nhiêu stages + có cyclic/branching không + topic chung.

Overall, this is a process about cement.
Overall, the process comprises seven distinct stages, beginning with raw material extraction and culminating in cement packaging, with no cyclical or branching elements.
Lỗi 6 · Cyclic process: missing cycle close

Cyclic process (PP3, PP4) không nhắc cycle khép kín

Body 2 hoặc cuối body cần câu nhắc: "the cycle repeats" / "begins again".

After the butterfly emerges, the process ends.
After the butterfly emerges, it eventually lays eggs of its own, thereby completing the cycle and beginning the process anew.
Lỗi 7 · Branching: chỉ tả 1 path

Branching process (PP5) chỉ mô tả 1 trong 2 paths

After shredding, the plastic is melted to make new products.
After shredding, the plastic follows two alternative paths: one stream is melted and pelletised to form new products, while the other is incinerated to generate energy.
Lỗi 8 · Generic vocab

Dùng "thing" / "stuff" / "do this" thay vì technical vocab

The raw thing is put in a machine and stuff happens.
The raw materials are placed into the crusher, where they undergo grinding to form a fine powder.
✅
Chương 5

Self-Check Checklist

Tick từng mục. CRITICAL · HIGH · MEDIUM.

📋 Introduction & Overview

CRITICALParaphrase đề bài
CRITICAL"Overall" mở overview
CRITICALOverview nêu: số stages + tính chất (linear/cyclic/branching) + topic
HIGHOverview KHÔNG đi vào chi tiết từng stage

⚙️ Body Paragraphs — Process-specific

CRITICALPassive voice ≥ 80% câu body
"is heated, is mixed, is treated…" — chứ không "they heat, they mix".
CRITICALMỗi body ≥ 3 sequence connectors
first, then, next, subsequently, finally…
CRITICALGroup stages thành 2-3 phases
KHÔNG liệt kê tất cả stages trong 1 body.
CRITICALCyclic process: phải nhắc cycle khép kín
"the cycle repeats" / "begins anew".
CRITICALBranching process: phải mô tả CẢ 2 paths
HIGHDùng technical vocab phù hợp pattern
manufacturing: kiln, clinker · water: filtration, chlorination · biology: chrysalis, metamorphosis.
MEDCó ≥ 1 cause/effect phrase per body
MEDCó ≥ 1 purpose clause

🔧 Grammar & Mechanics

CRITICALTense nhất quán — simple present
"is heated, is mixed" — KHÔNG mix với past/continuous.
HIGHPassive construction đúng (is/are + V3)
HIGHArticles chính xác (the kiln, the mixture)
MEDCó ≥ 1 câu phức (with participial phrase)

📝 Format & Length

CRITICALWord count ≥ 150
HIGH4 đoạn: Intro · Overview · Body 1 · Body 2
MEDKHÔNG "In conclusion"
MEDKHÔNG nêu opinion cá nhân
🎯
Phụ lục

Practice Prompts

5 bài tập tương ứng 5 pattern Process. Bắt đầu từ linear (PP1, PP2) → cyclic (PP3, PP4) → branching (PP5).

Bài 1 · PP1 · B1

Linear manufacturing — Cement production

150–170 từ. Focus:

  1. Passive voice ≥ 80% câu body
  2. Bank 10 (manufacturing): kiln, raw materials, clinker, grinding
  3. Group: Body 1 = preparation (crush + mix); Body 2 = processing (heat + grind + bag)
Bài 2 · PP2 · B1

Linear natural — Water treatment

150–170 từ. Focus:

  1. Bank 11 (water): debris, filtration, chlorination
  2. Bank 8 (cause/effect): leading to clean water
  3. Body 1 = mechanical (screen + filter); Body 2 = chemical (chlorinate + supply)
Bài 3 · PP3 · B2

Life cycle — Butterfly metamorphosis

160–180 từ. Focus:

  1. Bank 5 (cyclic): the cycle repeats, the process is renewed
  2. Bank 11 (biology): larva, caterpillar, chrysalis, metamorphosis
  3. Body 2 phải nhắc cycle close (adult lays eggs again)
Bài 4 · PP4 · B2

Natural cycle — Water cycle

160–180 từ. Focus:

  1. Bank 11 (water cycle): evaporation, condensation, precipitation, runoff
  2. Bank 5 (cyclic): self-sustaining, perpetuates indefinitely
  3. Body 1 = upward (evap → condense); Body 2 = downward (precipitate → runoff)
Bài 5 · PP5 · B2

Branching — Plastic recycling

160–180 từ. Focus:

  1. Bank 6 (branching): the process diverges, two alternative pathways
  2. Bank 10 (recycling): collection, sorting, shredding, pellets, closed-loop
  3. Body 2: BẮT BUỘC mô tả CẢ 2 paths (recycle + incinerate)

IELTS Task 1 — Process Diagram Mastery Book · 2026
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