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Chương 3
Paraphrase Master Bank
8 nhóm cụm từ chuẩn theo 4 band CEFR. Mỗi cụm có 4 phiên bản — chọn band phù hợp với mục tiêu của học sinh.
📈 1. Trend Vocabulary
Mô tả hướng & tốc độ của từng đường. Đây là nhóm thay đổi theo pattern.
Gradual rise (tăng đều) — P1, P3, P7
A2went up slowly · went up a little
B1rose steadily · climbed gradually
B2experienced a steady upward trend · exhibited a gradual rise
C1demonstrated a sustained upward trajectory · followed an incremental upward path
Sharp rise / fall — P4
A2went up a lot · went down a lot
B1rose sharply · dropped sharply
B2experienced a sharp increase · underwent a sharp decline
C1rose precipitously · fell precipitously
Slow then fast (S-curve) — P1, P2, P6, P7
A2grew slowly at first, then faster
B1started slowly, then accelerated
B2exhibited sluggish early growth followed by a marked acceleration
C1followed a slow initial trajectory before surging dramatically
Fast then slow (deceleration) — P7
A2went up fast, then slowly
B1rose quickly, then more gradually
B2experienced rapid growth before the rate of increase tapered off
C1rose markedly before the rate of improvement decelerated noticeably
Fluctuate — P3
A2went up and down
B1rose and fell several times
B2fluctuated considerably throughout the period
C1exhibited considerable fluctuation throughout the timeframe
Peak then fall — P5
A2went up then came down
B1rose to a peak, then fell
B2climbed to a peak before falling sharply
C1escalated to a zenith before undergoing a marked decline
🔗 2. Linking Phrases
Cụm nối câu — dùng chung cho cả 7 pattern.
Contrast
A2but · however
B1however · whereas · on the other hand
B2in contrast · by contrast · while
C1in stark contrast · conversely · whereas
Similarity
A2also · too
B1similarly · likewise
B2in a similar vein · mirroring this pattern
C1analogously · in parallel fashion
Addition
A2and · also
B1in addition · moreover
B2furthermore · additionally
C1what is more · in addition to this
Time sequence
A2then · next · after that
B1subsequently · afterwards
B2following this · thereafter
C1in the following period · in the ensuing years
⏰ 3. Time Markers
Định vị thời gian — đoạn nào, năm nào, khoảng thời gian nào.
Throughout period
A2all the time · for the whole time
B1throughout the period · across the whole period
B2over the entire period · across the [N]-decade span
C1over the course of the period under review
Start of period
A2at the start · in the beginning
B1at the start of the period · in the opening year
B2at the outset · in the initial year
C1at the outset of the period · in the opening phase
End of period
A2at the end
B1by the end of the period · in the final year
B2by the close of the period · by [LAST_YEAR]
C1by the conclusion of the period · at the terminal point
Mid period
A2in the middle
B1midway through the period · around [MID_YEAR]
B2halfway through the period · around the midpoint
C1at the midpoint of the timeframe
Duration range
A2from [Y1] to [Y2]
B1between [Y1] and [Y2]
B2over the [N]-year span from [Y1] to [Y2]
C1across the [Y1]–[Y2] window · over the [N]-year interval
⚖️ 4. Comparison Vocabulary
So sánh số liệu — gấp đôi, gấp ba, cao hơn N điểm, đứng đầu/cuối.
Multiples (gấp nhiều lần)
A2two times more · X times more
B1twice as high as · three times higher than
B2nearly twice as high as · roughly threefold · almost double
C1approximately a twofold increase relative to · more than triple
Difference magnitude (chênh lệch)
A2X more than · X less than
B1[N] percentage points higher than · [N] units below
B2a margin of [N] pp · trailed [SERIES] by [N] units
C1exceeded [SERIES] by a margin of [N] · lagged behind by some [N] points
Ranking top / bottom
A2the highest · the lowest
B1the highest figure · the smallest of the three
B2the leading figure · topped the chart at · trailed at the bottom
C1occupied the top position · registered the lowest value
🎯 5. Subject Patterns
Cấu trúc mở câu — placeholders dùng được cho mọi pattern.
Standard
A2[SERIES] · the [measure] in [SERIES]
B1The figure for [SERIES] · The [measure] in [SERIES]
B2The [measure] recorded by [SERIES] · The proportion of [SERIES]
C1The [measure] attributable to [SERIES] · The share registered by [SERIES]
Comparative lead
A2Both [A] and [B] · [A] and [B]…
B1While [A]…, [B]… · Both [A] and [B]…
B2Whereas [A] [verb]…, [B] [verb]… · Both [A] and [B] followed similar trajectories
C1In stark contrast to [A], [B]… · The trajectories of [A] and [B] diverged…
Time-led
A2In [YEAR], [SERIES]…
B1By [YEAR], [measure] in [SERIES] had reached…
B2By the end of [YEAR], the figure for [SERIES] stood at… · From [YEAR] onwards…
C1By the conclusion of [YEAR], [SERIES] had attained… · From [YEAR] onwards, [SERIES] proceeded to…
🔢 6. Value Expressions
Diễn đạt số liệu — chính xác, xấp xỉ, nhấn mạnh điểm xuất phát.
Approximation
A2about · around
B1approximately · roughly · just under
B2approximately [N] · in the region of [N] · slightly above [N]
C1in the vicinity of [N] · marginally below [N]
Starting point emphasis
A2from only · starting at
B1from just · at just · starting from a low base
B2at a modest [N] · from a starting figure of [N]
C1from a modest baseline of [N] · from an initial reading of [N]
🔀 7. Crossover-Specific (P4)
Dành riêng cho pattern crossover — diễn đạt việc một series vượt qua, bị vượt qua, và đảo vai trò.
Moving into the lead
A2went past · passed
B1went above [SERIES] · moved above [SERIES]
B2surpassed [SERIES] around [YEAR] · exceeded [SERIES] in [YEAR] · moved ahead of
C1eclipsed [SERIES] · displaced [SERIES] from the leading position · leapfrogged
Losing the lead
A2was passed by
B1was surpassed by [SERIES] · dropped below [SERIES]
B2ceded the lead to [SERIES] · lost its leading position to [SERIES]
C1was supplanted by [SERIES] · relinquished its leading position to [SERIES]
Crossing point
A2they met · they crossed
B1the two lines crossed in [YEAR]
B2the crossover occurred around [YEAR] · intersected at approximately [VALUE] in [YEAR]
C1the trajectories converged and intersected at [VALUE] in [YEAR]
Role reversal
A2they swapped · they switched
B1the positions were reversed · they swapped places
B2leading and trailing positions were reversed · [A] and [B] exchanged positions
C1the rankings were completely reversed · [A] and [B] inverted their respective positions
🎯 8. Convergence-Specific (P1, P6, P7)
Dành cho pattern có khoảng cách thu hẹp / mở rộng giữa các series.
Gap narrowing
A2the gap got smaller
B1the gap narrowed · the difference shrank
B2the gap narrowed considerably · the disparity diminished · the figures drew closer
C1the disparity progressively diminished · the differential contracted markedly
Approaching values
A2got close to
B1moved closer to [SERIES] · approached [SERIES]
B2closed in on [SERIES] · drew level with [SERIES] · converged toward
C1progressively approximated [SERIES] · drew into closer alignment with
Gap widening
A2the gap got bigger
B1the gap widened · the difference grew
B2the gap widened considerably · the disparity grew more pronounced · the figures diverged
C1the divergence intensified · the differential expanded markedly
Gap measurement
A2X difference
B1a gap of [N] · a difference of [N]
B2a gap of [N] percentage points · a disparity of [N] units
C1a [N]-point differential · a margin separating them
⚠️
Chương 4
Common Errors & Upgrades
Những lỗi xuất hiện nhiều nhất ở Line Graph + cách nâng câu từ A2 lên B2.
Lỗi 1 · Tense
Dùng sai thì khi chart có năm cụ thể
Khi chart cho năm trong quá khứ (1990–2020), bắt buộc dùng simple past. Học sinh hay dùng present.
In 2010, Sweden has seventy percent of computer ownership.
In 2010, Sweden had seventy percent computer ownership.
Nếu chart projection (tương lai), dùng will, is expected to, is projected to.
Lỗi 2 · Overview chứa số liệu
Overview phải tóm tắt xu hướng — KHÔNG nêu số cụ thể
Overview là một trong 4 tiêu chí chấm Task Achievement. Quy tắc: no specific figures in overview.
Overall, Sweden rose from eight percent to ninety percent, while Brazil increased from two percent to eighty percent.
Overall, all three countries witnessed substantial growth, with Sweden and Australia remaining ahead throughout while Brazil closed the gap significantly.
Lỗi 3 · Tả từng đường thay vì group
Mô tả tuần tự series A, B, C — không có nhóm
Một body chỉ tả 1 đường = thiếu so sánh = thấp điểm Coherence. Phải group theo điểm chung.
Body 1: Sweden rose from eight percent to ninety percent. Body 2: Australia rose from ten percent to ninety-two percent. Body 3: Brazil rose from two percent to eighty percent.
Body 1 (High-starters): Sweden and Australia followed similar trajectories… Body 2 (Late-starter): Brazil, in contrast, rose from a modest two percent base…
Lỗi 4 · Repetitive verbs
Lặp lại "increased/decreased" suốt bài
Bài lặp 1 từ → mất điểm Lexical Resource. Dùng Bank 1 (Trend Vocabulary) để paraphrase.
Sweden increased from eight percent to ninety percent. Australia also increased. Brazil increased fast.
Sweden climbed from eight percent to ninety percent. Australia followed a similar upward trajectory, while Brazil exhibited the most pronounced acceleration.
Lỗi 5 · Subject-verb
Sai số ít / số nhiều khi subject là collective noun
The number of users have increased.
The number of users has increased.
The number of → singular. A number of → plural.
Lỗi 6 · Article
Thiếu/dư article với danh từ đếm được
Figure for Sweden reached peak in 2015.
The figure for Sweden reached a peak in 2015.
Lỗi 7 · Confusing units
Nhầm "percentage" (%) với "percentage points" (pp)
Từ twenty percent lên thirty percent là tăng ten percentage points (không phải ten percent). Tăng ten percent từ twenty percent = twenty-two percent.
Sweden's ownership rose by eighty percent, from ten percent to ninety percent.
Sweden's ownership rose by eighty percentage points, from ten percent to ninety percent.
Lỗi 8 · Conclusion thừa
Viết "In conclusion" cuối Task 1
Task 1 không cần conclusion. Overview ở đầu (sau introduction) đã làm vai trò đó.
In conclusion, the chart shows significant changes over the period.
(không viết — kết bài bằng câu cuối của Body 2)
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Phụ lục
Practice Prompts
7 bài tập tương ứng 7 pattern — giao theo thứ tự từ dễ đến khó. Mỗi bài làm xong cho học sinh vào tool Practice để so sánh với model.
Bài 1 · P1 · B1
Tả 3 đường cùng tăng nhưng tốc độ khác
Yêu cầu: Viết bài 150–170 từ về biểu đồ "Computer ownership in Sweden, Australia and Brazil 1990–2020". Focus chính:
- Group theo rate, không phải theo direction (vì cả 3 cùng tăng)
- Dùng "parallel trajectory" cho Sweden + Australia
- Mô tả Brazil "closed the gap" — Bank 8 (Convergence)
Bài 2 · P2 · B2
Mở bài bằng "relationship"
Yêu cầu: 150–170 từ về "Education spending South Korea vs Nigeria". Focus:
- Câu mở của Body 1: nhấn mạnh cùng điểm xuất phát
- Dùng "divergence", "diverged dramatically" trong overview
- So sánh multiples: "South Korea grew nearly ninefold while Nigeria's growth was only twofold"
Bài 3 · P3 · B1
Tách steady và fluctuating
Yêu cầu: 150–170 từ về "Exercise participation Germany / UK / USA". Focus:
- Group Body 1 = Germany (steady riser); Body 2 = UK + USA (fluctuators)
- Dùng vocab "fluctuated", "rose and fell", "remained relatively stable around X%"
- Tả crossover Germany–USA quanh 2010–2015
Bài 4 · P4 · B2
Cấu trúc Before/After Crossover
Yêu cầu: 160–180 từ về "Smartphone OS Alpha vs Beta 2008–2020". Focus:
- Xác định + nêu rõ năm crossover (~2012–2014, ~fifty percent)
- Bank 7: dùng surpassed, rose above, ceded the lead
- "Role reversal" trong overview
Bài 5 · P5 · B1
Parallel arc — chia 2 phase Rise / Fall
Yêu cầu: 150–170 từ về "Tourist arrivals Alpine vs Coastal". Focus:
- Body 1 = Rise (2000–2012), Body 2 = Fall (2012–2020)
- "Climbed to a peak around 2012" + "before declining…"
- Nhấn mạnh "both regions followed an almost identical trajectory"
Bài 6 · P6 · B2
S-curve + time-lag
Yêu cầu: 160–180 từ về "Social media USA / Brazil / India". Focus:
- Acceleration vocab: surge, accelerate, take off
- "India lagged behind by approximately a decade"
- Convergence USA–Brazil cuối kỳ (gap seventeen to four percentage points)
Bài 7 · P7 · B2
Convergence + ceiling awareness
Yêu cầu: 160–180 từ về "Life expectancy 4 countries 1970–2020". Focus:
- Group: Higher-decelerating (Japan, Brazil) vs Lower-accelerating (India, Nigeria)
- Bank 8: "gap narrowed from 26 to 14 years"
- Japan deceleration: "the rate of improvement tapered off after 2000"